E-government benefits Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

E-government benefits - Research Paper Example Comfort is likewise portrayed by accessibility of numerous channels realized by e-government that empowers the residents to pick where and when to get taxpayer driven organizations. What's more, residents with incapacities don't experience the difficulty of moving from one topographical territory to the next looking for taxpayer driven organizations. Also, e-government has disentangled application forms. Yigitcanlar and Baum (2006) declares that residents can without much of a stretch apply for taxpayer driven organizations without any problem. Through the administration sites, a resident can find solutions to their inquiry without swimming through several insignificant data. With e-government, records can be marked carefully, confirmed lawfully and conveyed electronically to the suitable areas by means of the web. Data can without much of a stretch be gotten to utilizing a normalized feel and look utilizing MassCares suite applications. A MassCares suite application has empowered re sidents to serve themselves since routine work of government authorities has been computerized. Furthermore, residents can visit numerous administration offices with a tick of the mouse. With e-government, application process has additionally been made more straightforward through single-windows and single-sign â€on. Third, e-government has expanded citizen’s viability and efficiencies. ... Residents have discovered e-government decreases the measure of time, cash just as materials spend on looking for taxpayer driven organizations. This is on the grounds that correspondence between the administration authorities and residents should be possible by means of email, shot informing administrations or talk rooms. Moreover, e-government has decreased the odds of residents making mistakes in application since robotization educates the client continuously when the blunder happens and permit the person in question to correct it on the spot. Viability and proficiency realized by e-government has empowered a few residents to design better their own and expert work. Fourth, e-government has expanded democratization. Residents can without much of a stretch express their feelings on government approaches and exercises by means of online reviews or web journals. Actually, it has been built up that residents particularly the individuals who are more youthful take an interest on online conversations of policy centered issues and are claimed by e-casting a ballot methodology. The residents can without much of a stretch apply immediate and unmistakable impact to administrative procedures by expanding their political interest on issues influencing them. As indicated by Roy (2004), e-government permits residents to communicate with government authorities just as legislators on significant issues influencing their lives. Texting, online intuitive overview, sound/video introductions and blogging will permit government authorities and lawmakers see and comprehend people’s sees (Alston, 2003). Fifth, e-government has expanded straightforwardness and responsibility in government organizations. With e-government, residents (voter) are permitted to get understanding on how government choices and strategies are made continuously premise.

William Grant Still free essay sample

Still was self-educated in saxophone, clarinet, and cello alongside an arrangement of different instruments while additionally taking violin exercises. A man with humble beginnings, William Grant Still turned into the primary individual of African plummet to direct a significant American Symphony (William Still). Still is generally well known for his Symphony No. 1 Afro-American†. He was the primary African-American man to compose an ensemble and afterward have it performed by the main Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra. Still likewise composed Operas, however they never picked up the reputation of his previously mentioned orchestra. He formed such dramas as Troubled Island and A Bayou Legend. Still bacome famous during when African Americans were persecuted. William Grant Still was hitched to Verna Arvey, who had a major influence in his music. They were hitched in Mexico because of the way that interracial marriage was illicit in the United States. Still resisted every social shame and turned into a man who separated obstructions in music and battled balance (J. We will compose a custom article test on William Grant Still or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Smith). The rundown of his pivotal accomplishments ranges from being the primary African-American to direct an orchestra in the Deep South to being the first to have an ensemble broadcast over a national system. Still was a pioneer in the Modern period of music in the mid twentieth century by making music that intrigues the entirety of the greats, yet had a distinct American impact to it. When William Grant Still kicked the bucket on December 3, 1978, a lot of his work was overlooked. Today, his music has been rediscovered and he is refered to as â€Å"the Dean† of African-American arrangers (William Grant Still). He composed the music for the disputable show, Troubled Island, while his better half, Verna Arvey, alongside Langston Hughes composed the lyrics. The Troubled Island, recounts to the narrative of Jean Jacques Dessalines and his degenerate initiative in the Haitian unrest. Subsequent to announcing himself head of Haiti, he is in the long run killed by rivals of his system. The Opera was generally welcomed and collected 20 drapery calls after its first execution. Pundits panned show and which made it close after just three exhibitions. The opera’s score blended current American impacts in with local Haitian impacts to make a perfect work of art (Murchison 42-74). Still’s most notable Opera was A Bayou Legend. This drama would in the long run become a TV film that would inevitably revive enthusiasm for Still’s inventory of music. The story includes the delightful and spiteful Clothilde as she authorizes an arrangement of vengeance against Bazile, a man who doesn't restore her love. Clothilde attempts her hardest to pick up his warmth, however at long last, her emotions pathetic by Bazile, she arranges a plan which prompts Bazile being lynched. The Opera was granted the differentiation of being his most notable work, and being held as a melodious magnum opus. The lyrics was composed by his better half, and long-term associate and spouse, Verna Arvey (Smith 23-56). As I would see it, William Grant Still is by a long shot one of the most powerful authors in American Music. His music, maintained a ton of the convictions that he was instructed and displayed the African-American battle, while likewise speaking to a more extensive open. Still was a genuine craftsman, who additionally worked with W. C. Helpful as his arranger.

How Caffeine Addiction Can Affect Your Health

How Caffeine Addiction Can Affect Your Health Addiction Addictive Behaviors Caffeine Print Caffeine Addiction Symptoms and Withdrawal By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 23, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 27, 2019 More in Addiction Addictive Behaviors Caffeine Internet Shopping Sex Alcohol Use Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Caffeine addiction is the excessive and/or harmful use of caffeine over a period of time, which has negative effects on your health, social interactions, or other areas of your life. As caffeine is a widely accepted and used drug, many people dont believe caffeine can be addictive. While most caffeine users feel they enjoy many of the effects of caffeine, like a good morning boost, they may not be aware of some of the negative effects the drug is having, such as disrupted  sleep, irritability, and anxiety.  Many people, for example, get into a vicious cycle of drinking coffee to increase energy, only to find themselves both fatigued and unable to relax at bedtime.   Some people experience significant problems as a result of their caffeine use, have difficulty coping without caffeine, and experience other unpleasant side effects as a result. There have even been isolated cases of caffeine overdose. What to Know About Caffeine Addiction Caffeine is one of the most widely used addictive substances, and it is heavily marketed to adults, teens, and even children. While coffee is probably the most frequently used source of caffeine, it  is also present in many common foods and drinks, so your caffeine intake might be higher than you realize. Caffeine intoxication is recognized in the DSM-5, the manual used by clinicians to classify and diagnose mental health concerns, and caffeine use disorder is identified as requiring further study. Caffeine intoxication and caffeine withdrawal can both be very unpleasant, physically and psychologically, but either can easily be mistaken for a variety of other conditions. For example, people who are intoxicated with caffeine can exhibit similar symptoms as  people with attention deficit disorders; caffeine withdrawal shares similar symptoms with mood disorders. Caffeine addiction can cause and exacerbate many different health problems.?? Gradually reducing your daily caffeine intake by increasingly mixing caffeinated beverages with non-caffeinated drinks is the best way to quit caffeine without withdrawal symptoms. Caffeine: Everything You’ve Been Afraid to Ask Symptoms of Caffeine Addiction As caffeine is a stimulant drug, caffeine intoxication causes a cluster of symptoms associated with stimulation of the brain and nervous system. While caffeine users enjoy the increased energy and alertness that caffeine gives them, unpleasant symptoms experienced by many consumers, especially  those who are addicted, include: RestlessnessNervousnessExcitementDifficulty sleepingAgitationMuscle twitchingRambling flow of thoughts and speechFlushed faceIncreased heart rateStomach upsetIncreased urination Symptoms of Caffeine Withdrawal Caffeine withdrawal typically causes a rebound effect, producing symptoms that are the opposite of the effects of intoxication. This effect can be profound in those who are addicted to caffeine. The symptom most often noticed by people going through caffeine withdrawal is a severe, intense caffeine withdrawal headache. When coming off caffeine, people often feel very tired and even drowsy. They may have difficulty concentrating, and feel depressed or irritable. Occasionally, people withdrawing from caffeine also experience flu-like symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, muscle pain, or stiffness. As with all addictions, the pattern of intoxication and withdrawal can mask emotional difficulties that  are avoided by seeking out the pleasurable effects of caffeine. Lack of energy, lack of motivation, and depression may underlie caffeine addiction. It can also overlap with work addiction, as some  people use the stimulating effects of caffeine both to increase energy for and interest in the mental and physical activities associated with their jobs. Similarly, caffeine addiction can mask the avoidance of more fulfilling activities and relationships. How Skipping Your Morning Coffee or Tea Can Lead to a Headache How Caffeine Addiction Can Look and Feel Like Other Disorders Again, the stimulating effects of caffeine can cause physical symptoms and behaviors that can look and feel like, and therefore be easily confused with, other disorders. Therefore, it is important to let your doctor or psychologist know how much caffeine you are consuming, and how  frequently you are doing so if you are being assessed for any condition. For example, caffeine intoxication produces symptoms that can easily be confused with anxiety disorders, such as panic attacks. Using too much caffeine can also worsen symptoms of anxiety disorders in people who are affected, intensifying feelings of worry; increasing racing thoughts; making it difficult to quiet the mind; increasing agitation and shakiness; and preventing relaxation and quality (or any) sleep. However, as with other addictions, you might experience your use of caffeine as calming and temporarily relieving of anxiety. You may feel and even believe it helps you cope. Other health concerns caffeine intoxication can be confused with:?? Manic episodesPanic disorderGeneralized anxiety disorderSleep disorderMigraine and other headachesViral illnessesSinus conditionsIntoxication from other substances (amphetamines, sedatives, hypnotics)Medication-induced side effects, such as akathisia It can also be mistaken for, and worsen symptoms of, withdrawal from other substances, such as amphetamines  and cocaine. Stimulant drugs are often cut with caffeine, increasingly the likelihood that caffeine withdrawal is involved in withdrawal from these drugs. Caffeine Can Induce Other Disorders When a disorder is induced by a substance, although it is triggered by substance use, it does meet the criteria for the disorder, rather than simply being an effect of intoxication or withdrawal. Caffeine-induced disorders include caffeine-induced anxiety disorder  and caffeine-induced sleep disorder. How Caffeine Can Affect Your Health Caffeine has various effects on the body, which are potentially harmful to health. Caffeine increases heart rate  and can cause abnormalities in the heartbeat, so is not recommended for people with cardiovascular problems.?? It also increases blood pressure and affects bone density, increasing the risk of osteoporosis. What to Do If You Think You Might Be Addicted to Caffeine Addiction involves not only excessive use of caffeine but also relying on caffeine to cope with life, typically in spite of negative effects. To figure out whether you might be addicted, go through the following steps: Assess your intake: Calculate how much caffeine you are actually consuming on a typical day, including gourmet espresso,  lattes, and cappuccino, which are typically much stronger than regular drip or instant coffee, soda, and other common caffeine-containing foods and drinks. Pay attention to how you feel: Make a note of any side effects of caffeine, as well as withdrawal symptoms that happen if you miss a regular dose of caffeine. Consider the effects: Think about the effects of caffeine or withdrawal symptoms you experience if you miss a regular dose, and how they have affected your feelings, functioning, and relationships??. For example, do you get irritable if you have too much or too little caffeine? Do you experience headaches or fatigue if you miss a dose of caffeine? Most importantly, do you feel you need caffeine to get through the day? Next Steps to Consider If you feel that your responses to  any of the above seem alarming, speak to your healthcare provider. If you are pregnant, trying to get pregnant, or breastfeeding, talk to your doctor about your caffeine intake as soon as possible. Similarly, if you have another health problem that might be impacted by your caffeine use, such as a cardiovascular problem, discuss options with your doctor right away.?? The vicious cycle of addiction happens with caffeine, just as it does with other addictive substances. As the effects of caffeine wear off, you might feel a crash in energy  and that you cant keep going without another boost of caffeine.?? As withdrawal can make you feel worse, it is important for most people  to reduce your caffeine intake gradually rather than abruptly to get the maximum benefit from quitting or reducing caffeine. Your doctor can help you devise a plan. 1:40 7 Quick Tips to Help with Caffeine Withdrawal If you feel you are using excessive amounts of  caffeine to cope with an ongoing emotional problem, such as depression or anxiety, also  talk to your physician about options for treating these problems. The right treatment could make a huge difference for you. Caffeine addiction often overlaps with other behavioral addictions,?? such as sugar addiction, so you might find that evaluating your caffeine intake opens up a Pandoras box of other behaviors that need to be addressed. If you dont feel you are addicted to caffeine, but you do feel you are consuming more than is healthy, you can choose to either reduce your caffeine intake  or cut out caffeine altogether. The most common mistake, in either case, is to cut down by too much too soon, causing you to relapse due to an intense headache.?? Instead of cutting your caffeine intake in half, try reducing your regular intake by about 10 percent every two weeks; reduce the strength of your last caffeinated drink of the day by diluting it with an uncaffeinated drink. A Word From Verywell Caffeine addiction is so common we dont even notice it most of the time. But the feeling of getting back in touch with your own natural energy, and having the ability to relax when night falls, is unparalleled when you able to greatly reduce or quit caffeine.

Seven Strategies to Provide Help for Teachers

Most teachers are eager to learn, want to improve, and work hard at their craft. Some are more natural than others and innately understand what it takes to be an effective teacher. However, there are many teachers that need time and assistance in developing the skills it takes to be an outstanding teacher. All teachers have areas where they are strong and areas in which they are weak. The best teachers will work hard to improve in all areas. Sometimes a teacher needs assistance in identifying their strengths and weaknesses as well as a plan to improve. This is a crucial part of a principal’s job. A principal should know each teacher’s individual strength and weaknesses. They should develop a plan for providing help for teachers that focus on areas that need improvement. There are many ways that a principal can provide help for teachers. Here, we examine seven strategies that a principal may use in developing a plan of improvement for each teacher. Identify the Essential There are many areas that a teacher must be solid in to be an effective teacher. Being ineffective in one area often has an effect on other areas. As a principal, it is vital that you narrow the focus to what you consider being the biggest areas of need. For example, you may be working with a teacher in which you have identified six areas that need improvement. Working on all six areas at once will be overwhelming and counter-intuitive. Instead, identify the two that you believe are most prominent and start there. Create a plan that focuses on improving in those top areas of need. Once those areas improve to an effective level, then you can create a plan to work on other areas of need. It is critical that teacher understands that you are trying to help them throughout this process. They must trust that you have their best interest in mind. A strong principal will build a relationship with their teacher that allows them to be critical when they need to be without hurting a teacher’s feelings. Constructive Conversation A principal should have in-depth conversations on a regular basis with their teachers about the happenings in their classroom. These conversations not only give the principal perspective about what is happening in the classroom, they allow the principal to give helpful suggestions and tips through informal conversation. Most young teachers especially are sponges. They want to improve and seek out knowledge of how to do their job better. These conversations also are significant trust builders. A principal who actively listens to their teachers and works to create solutions to their problems will gain their trust. This can lead to helpful conversations that can immensely improve a teacher’s effectiveness. They will be more open when you are critical because they understand you are looking out for what is best for them and the school. Video/Journaling There are occasions in which a teacher may not see something as an area in which they need to improve. In this case, it may be advantageous for you to video a series of lessons so that they can watch it back to understand what you are seeing in your observations. Watching video of your teaching can be a powerful tool. You will be surprised at what you learn about yourself as you watch the tape back. This can lead to powerful reflection and realization that you do need to change to your approach in how you teach. Journaling can also be an exceptional tool to help a teacher improve. Journaling allows a teacher to keep track of different approaches they have used and to compare their effectiveness days, months, or even years later. Journaling allows to teachers to look back at where they were and see how much they have grown over the course of time. This self-reflection can spark a desire to continue to improve or to change an area in which the writing helps them realize they need to make changes. Model the Skills Principals are supposed to be the leaders in their building. Sometimes the best way to lead is to model. A principal should never be afraid to put a lesson together that focuses on an individual teacher’s weakness and then teach that lesson to the teacher’s class. The teacher should observe and make notes throughout the lesson. This should be followed up with a healthy conversation between you and the teacher. This conversation should focus on what they saw you do in their lessons that many of their lessons often lack. Sometimes a teacher simply needs to see it done right to understand what they need to change and how they are supposed to do it. Set up Observations With a Mentor There are teachers that are experts at their craft who are willing to share their insights and experiences with other teachers. This can be powerful in many different areas. Every young teacher should be given the opportunity to observe an established veteran teacher and have them serve as their mentor. This relationship should be a two-way street where the mentor could also observe the other teacher and provide feedback. There are so many positives that can come out of this type of relationship. A veteran teacher may be able to share something that clicks with the other teacher and sets them on the path of them becoming a mentor someday themselves. Provide Resources There are so many resources that a principal can provide a teacher that focuses on every possible area in which they may struggle. Those resources include books, articles, videos, and websites. It is essential to give your struggling teacher a variety of resources that provide multiple strategies for improving. What works for one teacher may not work for another. After giving them time to look through the material, follow it up with conversations to see what they took from the resources as well as how they plan to apply it to their classroom. Provide Specific Professional Development Another way to provide help for teachers is to give them professional development opportunities that are unique to their own individual needs. For example, if you have a teacher that struggles with classroom management, find an outstanding workshop which deals with classroom management and send them to it. This training can be invaluable to improving a teacher. When you send them to something you hope that they are able to gain valuable, applicable insights that they can immediately bring back to their classrooms and apply.

Human Rights in China Essay - 2278 Words

Human Rights in China One of the first things that come to mind about human rights in China would most likely be the Tiananmen Square massacre, where in 1989 hundreds of student protestors lost their lives to the Peoples Republic of China. The bloody body of a dead student removed from the street right after the Tiananmen Square crackdown on June 4, 1989. Web page http://www.rjgeib.com/thoughts/china/china.html The name Peoples Republic of China seems a contradiction of its meaning. If indeed its name is the Peoples Republic of China than why did it massacre peaceful protestors with tanks and machine guns? But the Chinese government argues that the force was necessary for maintaining a national order (Muzhi Zhu). The†¦show more content†¦Thereafter, several leaders of the movement were sentenced to long prison terms in late December, and hundreds of others were sentenced to reeducation through labor. Late in the year, according to some reports, the government started confining some Falun Gong adherents to psychiatric hospitals (China Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1999). The government continued to commit widespread and well-documented human rights abuses in violation of internationally accepted terms. These abuses stemmed from the governments extremely limited tolerance of public unrest. The Constitution and laws provide for fundamental human rights however, these rights are often ignored in practice. Abuses included instances of extra-judicial killings, torture and mistreatment of prisoners, forced confessions, arbitrary arrest and detention, lengthy incommunicado detention, and denial of due process(Amnesty International. China, violations of human rights). Prison conditions at most facilities remained very harsh. In many cases, especially in sensitive political cases, the judicial system denied criminal defendants basic legal safeguards and due process of the law, merely because authorities attached higher priorities to maintaining public order and suppressing political opposition than to enforcing the legal norms of the country (Amnesty Internat ional. China, violations of human rights). The government infringed on citizens privacy rights. The governmentShow MoreRelatedHuman Rights Violations in China908 Words   |  4 PagesHuman rights violation in China The People’s Republic of China with a population 1.3 billion, is the third largest country in the world and has a land size of 960,000 square kilometres. It is a rapidly growing economy, with living standards being raised every year. However, human rights violations are still a part of daily life in some part of China and can still be seen in the present time. 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Pipeline Inspection at Petronet, South Africa Free Essays

Introduction Petronet, a local company that transports natural gas through underground pipelines across South Africa, had approached MA2K Testing Labs to conduct an investigation on a leakage on the pipeline, which was found during a random leak inspection. The Pipeline operates from Johannesburg to Potchefstroom. Upon inspection a joint was singled out as being a major source of leakage. We will write a custom essay sample on Pipeline Inspection at Petronet, South Africa or any similar topic only for you Order Now The affected area was joined using a butt weld and reinforced with a clamp. This section was dissected and inspection revealed that the leakage was due to incomplete fusion in the weld which initiated the formation of hook cracks and cavities in the parent material directly adjacent to the weld. External stresses from the environment may have accelerated the growth of the cavities and cracks yet the clamp increased the strength of the joint aiding in the prevention of any accelerated growths of the defects. As a short term solution it is advised to replace the damaged section with a new pipe. It must be correctly welded of the same material and as an added precaution to weld an additional sleeve over the newly joined and welded section. As a long term solution it is advised to replace the entire pipeline with a new combination of materials. 1. Background Petronet, a leading company in South Africa which transports natural gas through underground pipelines conducted a random leak inspection survey on one of their pipelines operating from Johannesburg to Potchefstroom, and it was discovered that there was a gas leak at the specific joint. The pipe carries natural gas and it is imperative that the leak should be fixed, due to the volatile nature of gas as well as the loss of resource, in turn profits. The systems comprised of numerous seamless pipes and connected using a butt weld; these joints were reinforced by clamps bolted on. MA2K Testing Labs had been approached by Petronet, to inspect the leakage and was employed to identify the true cause of failure and as well as make many suitable recommendations for the repair and prevention of malfunction of the joint. The pipeline was effective since the 20th February 1995; this put the pipeline age in the region of 15 years. Figure 2.1 (Below) was taken on site 2. Description The defective section of the pipe, including the clamp was then marked, cut out and removed from the site for further inspection and analysis. The inspection and analysis was carried out in MA2K Testing Labs in Durban. Two grade A 106 GR.B SCH40 seamless pipes with outside diameters of 168.3mm and wall thickness of 9mm were butt welded end to end. A butt weld consists of the two pipes heated to a proper fusion temperature then joined by means of force. The joint was further secured by a clamp. The operating internal gas pressure was 2620 kPa (380 psi). Chemical composition of the pipe: Element C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Cu Ni V % ? 0.30 ? 0.10 0.291.06 ?0.035 ?0.035 ?0.40 ?0.15 ?0.40 ?0.40 ?0.08 3. Possibilities Of Failure 3.1. Weld Defects Penetration is poor at the start of welding Ensure the grades of pipes are constant to optimize bonding strength Poor quality welds caused by Inaccurate timing Incorrect temperature Incorrect pressure applied Failure due to fatigue (welding lowers fatigue strength) Fusion did not occur between weld metal and fusion faces. Incomplete penetration Weld metal does not extend through the joint thickness Exposed to water and contaminants in the gas, such as O2, H2S, CO2, or chlorides. A particular gas composition may cause corrosion under some operating conditions Oxygen content (oxidizing salts) Passing through soils of different mineral content Contact of different metals, particularly at valves (galvanic corrosion) Normally consists of gouges and dents. Generally created by excavation or handling equipment during construction. Results from cyclic stresses that are below the ultimate tensile stress, or even the yield stress of the material. 3.2. Incomplete Fusion 3.3. Internal Corrosion 3.4. External Corrosion 3.5. Mechanical Damage 3.6. Fatigue Crack 3.7. Material Defects Material defects are unwanted contaminants at the melting of steel, the steel forming or the heat treating. Furthermore faults can occur by improper storage or processing. Material defects can appear in different forms. Example of various defects mentioned below : Non-metallic inclusions bad microstructure surface corrosion mechanical damage surface defect 3.8. Weld Cracks Refers to fracture of weld caused as a result of poor parts fit-up, rapid cooling, and localized stresses exceed the ultimate strength of the metal etc. Examples of weld cracks : Arc Cracks Longitudinal Crack Transverse Crack Crater Crack Throat Crack Toe Crack Root Crack Hot Crack Cold Crack Hook Crack 3.9. Hydrogen Blistering A type of hydrogen-induced failure produced when hydrogen atoms enter low-strength steels that have macroscopic defects, such as laminations 4. Inspection The clamp was removed for further inspection of the weld join. The removal of the clamp was done under supervision by National Energy Regulator of South Africa (NERSA). The pipe surface was required to be cleaned. An acetone solution was used. Liquid Penetrant examination was performed on the weld area of the pipe. Surface discontinuities were visible on the bottom of the pipe. All examinations and analysis was carried out by MA2K Testing Labs. Through inspection it was deduced that a Butt weld was used to join the pipe line and macrostructure images revealed that there were defects on the welded area. Namely weld cracks, improper penetration and incomplete fusion. Cavities were discovered near/adjacent to the welded section of the pipe material. Surface discontinuities were made visible by the Liquid Penetrant examination. These results further justify the suspicion that there was an improper weld process conducted on the joins of the pipeline and thus the cause of the gas leak. Cavities are visible in the pipe walls. This may be caused by vacancies in the material join in the weld. The extracted sample was investigated by method of etching. A Nital solution was used to etch the pipe material. Nital is a solution of alcohol and nitric acid commonly used for routine etching of metals. It is especially suitable for revealing the microstructure of carbon steels. The alcohol can be methanol, ethanol or methylated spirits. By viewing the etched sample under a Scanning Electron Microscope it was revealed that there was an overlap of material and as a result, it was discovered that there is an irregularity or there is a non-uniform overlap or join of material. This could cause a weakness in the join due to variants in material or state of the material. The non-uniform joint of material gives weak point on the structure of the pipeline and thus resulted in a leak. Arrows on figure 5.3 clearly indicate all the weld areas, the heat affected zones and the pipe parent material. 5. Results Before the pipe was sectioned for detailed examination, a radiographic examination was performed on the premises of MA2K Testing Labs. The following image was revealed on the radiographic film. The radiograph picture shows the microstructure of the material and identifies the weld overlap with the parent material. There are clear indications of variant material or states which cause weakness in the join when added stress is applied. There are cut out root cavities visible in the radiograph which could be the cause of leakage in the pipeline. Figure 6.2: Radiograph Of Material In figure 6.3 below: The longitudinal cross section of the pipe showed the weld structure inside the pipeline. This revealed defects in the weld structure and cavities in the wall of the pipeline and a clear indication of the crack and fracture lines that could cause a leak in the pipeline. These defects occurred in the joining of the pipe and together with possible external stresses that act on it due to the environment, no corrosion had occurred and pipe was designed to withstand pressure of the gas within the pipe. Longitudinal samples were taken from the extracted piece. Cuts were made across the weld line, to define the differences in the material used in the weld and the parent material. The two cross sections through the wall thickness of the pipe was polished and etched with Nital. The one macroscopic image (Figure 6.4) revealed a clear leakage path through the wall thickness of the pipe. This shows that there was a weakness in the join between the weld material and the parent material. Further fracture and strain caused the weld to split at the join between the weld material and the parent material. Figure 6.5 shows that there was a lack of side wall fusion in the pipe and that there was another weld bead on the left, this had been made to try to fill the vacancies produced from the lack of fusion. 6. Conclusions After thorough investigation of the defective area of the pipe it was found that the leakage was due to improper weld process and lack of fusion, lack of fusion causes cavities. Cavities form cracks over a period of time. Due to this hook cracks were formed and leakage had occurred. Therefore, the components used contain no post installation defects as there was no internal or external corrosion to the material. The design of the material is suited to the environment as it was able to withstand cyclic loading, fatigue stresses and no signs of hydrogen blistering was present on the material. Mechanical damage may have aided or accelerated the growth of the crack size. The clamp made detecting the source of the leak more difficult and may have helped in the prevention or retarded the rate in which the cracks had grown. The condition of the pipe or clamp base steel compositions or microstructures was as expected for the working life of the system. No softening was found associated with the weld and pipe Heat Affected Zone. 7. Recommendation 7.1. Short Term Solution As a short term solution it is advised to replace the damaged section with a new pipe. It must be correctly welded of the same material and as an added precaution to weld an additional sleeve over the newly joined and welded section. This may suffice for the next 10 years 7.2. Long Term Solution As a long term solution it is advised to replace the entire pipeline with a new combination of materials as per Petroleum Bulk Storage Regulations, the requirement is that all new underground pipelines be as follows: vPipes must be either constructed of a non-corrodible material such as fiberglass reinforced plastic, nylon or engineered thermo-plastic, or metal such as steel with a cathodic protection system designed to protect it for 30 years. vPipes may be in single or double-walled construction vAccess ports must be installed to permit tightness testing; vInstallation must be in accordance with recognized engineering practices vPipes and joints must be tightness tested before being covered and placed in. To reduce downtime and loss of profits, the new pipeline may be installed next to the existing pipeline and until completion will be ineffective. Thereafter the new pipeline will replace the old with minimal downtime. This is another advantage of laying down a new pipeline. 7.3. Prevention of Lack of Fusion vSurface should be machined/ground smooth to avoid minute discontinuities. vEnsure welding current is sufficient. vWeld arcs should not be longer than the pipe diameter vThe â€Å"V† angle should not exceed 7 degrees vThe strip width should be appropriate and consistent for the diameter of the pipe References Alibaba.com, 1999. Sourcing Products And Suppliers (Carbon Steel Piping: ASTM A106 GR.B). (Updated 01 April 2011) Available at: http://www.alibaba.com/product-gs/258930670/ASTM_A106_GR_B.html. [Accessed 24 April 2011] Jernberg, John (1919), Forging, American Technical Society (Updated 29 April 2007) Available at: http://books.google.com/books?id=-ksxAAAAMAAJpg=PA26 [Accessed 24 April 2011] How to cite Pipeline Inspection at Petronet, South Africa, Essay examples

Managing Financial Principles and Techniques Sample Solution

Question: Write an essay on the "Financial Analysis, Budgeting, Decision and Control". Answer: TIRLEA, M.R. 2013, "Financial Analysis, Budgeting, Decision and Control",Annals of Dunrea de Jos University. Financial accounting is the accounting process that keeps records of the accounting entitys financial transactions. It also summarizes the records and exhibits the outcomes of the financial transaction in the form of financial statements, using the specific accounting standards (Barth 2015). Management accounting is used to analyze the financial information through various methods for different financial, as well as, non-financial decision-making processes (Busco et al. 2015). Differences between Financial Accounting Management Accounting:- Financial accounting provides the data, most useful for the investors, shareholders and creditors of the company. The information, generated by the management accounting, is mostly utilized by the owners, managers and employees of the organization. The main objective of the financial accounting is to determine and exhibit the outcomes of the financial transactions for a specific period of an organization. The management accounting use to help the management by providing important information for evaluate and develop the business activity of an organization. Preparation of financial accounting statements is necessary as per the legal and government policies. There are no such obligations for management accounting reports. Financial accounting is maintained as per the general popular accounting standards, such as IFRS, GAAP etc. There is no such standard for management accounting system. Financial accounting reports are prepared in specific formats. Management accounting does not require any specific formats. It is used to be presented as per the conveniences of the users. Financial accounting uses to focus on the historical records and derive the current financial position of the company. Management accounting delivers the forecasts for the future on the basis of the present financial condition of the organization. Pricing is one of the main components of the marketing mix. Every business entity gives great importance on the pricing strategy, as proper pricing helps the business to achieve higher sales and optimum profits. The business entities use to select different pricing strategies according to the nature of its product or service, organizational goal and marketing objectives (Ellickson et al. 2012). Types of Pricing Strategy:- There are several types of pricing strategies, which are discussed below:- Premium Pricing:- Premium pricing strategy uses to set the price higher than the prices of the competitors. The main objective of this strategy is to earn maximum revenues during the initial period of the product life cycle. It can be effective when the product or service has some unique quality or it is introduced as the first of its kind in the market. Penetration Pricing:- Penetration pricing strategy is adopted for introducing the product in a new market. In this policy, the price is kept relatively lower to capture more market share within short period of time. The company may incur loss in the initial stage, but the strategy uses to be very fruitful in the long run and the company can earn higher profits from higher sales volume. Economy Pricing:- Economy pricing is applicable, where the market is very price sensitive. Therefore, as per this pricing strategy, the prices of the product or services are kept low to create more demands in the market. Price Skimming:- The companies, which acquire competitive advantages in a particular market, use to follow price skimming strategy. Similar to premium pricing, this strategy also fix the price at higher rates so that the company can earn maximum revenue before any competitive company enter in the market. Psychological Pricing:- Psychological pricing method is used to create psychological impact on the consumers mind and attract them towards the product. For example, it has been observed that consumers more prefer to buy the product, which costs Rs.99 rather the same type of product, amounted to Rs.100. Though, economically the difference is just Re.1, but psychologically the difference is much higher. Difficulties of Cost Reduction Process:- Various difficulties, which an organization may face during implementation of any cost reduction process are described below:- It reduces the flexibility of the business activity within the organization. The organization may face difficulties in process development due to reduced costs. The scope of any innovation becomes lesser. The organization may suffer from inability of hiring skillful staffs (Li and Liu 2014). Various Cost Reduction Techniques:- Just-in-Time System:- Just-in-time system suggests that the organization should produce the required products at required quantity by maintaining the required quality within the required time (BARRETTO 2013). Target Costing:- Target Costing system highlights on the production process of the product, by which the company can incur lesser cost and earn maximum profit by selling the product at market-driven price. Activity Base Management:- The activity base management uses to reduce the cost by removing the non-value added business activities and expenses. Life Cycle Costing:- Life Cycle Costing helps the business to estimate the costs of a product for its entire life cycle and also the profit, it may generate over the life cycle period. Thus the company become able to identify the areas where it reduce the costs to earn more profits from the product over its full life span. Kaizen Costing:- Kaizen costing methods prefers to reduce the cost by gradual on-going process through smaller activities rather than implementing larger improvements. Business Process Re-Engineering:- Business process re-engineering focuses on re-engineering or improving the business process or organizational structure, instead of changing it totally. Thus it helps the organization to improve the current condition of the company by incurring lesser cost compared to costs, required for total changes (Bragg et al. 2010). It has been often observed that many companies suffers from the conflicts aroused, between the finance department and other non-financial department. The main objective of the finance team is to earn high revenues and maximize the profits, Therefore, they often consider many expenses as non-value added expenditures, such as, advertisements, training development, research expenses etc. It is main source of such conflicts (Coleman et al. 2014). Therefore, the management may follow the solution, mentioned below to end the conflicts:- Marketing Costs as Investment:- The finance personnel may consider the marketing expenses as investment instead of treating it as non-productive expenditures. In that case, the marketing expenses should be included in the investment expenses for determining the Return on Investment (de Gregorio et al. 2012). Focus on Single Goal:- Both the finance and non-finance departments should focus on the single goal and consider its departmental goals as secondary objectives. Then they will work as a composite team. Benchmarking:- There should be a benchmark for all the expenses, incurred by the non-finance teams. If any certain type of expense cross the benchmark, then the respective team will have to provide proper justification, without which the team will be penalized. On the other hand, the teams, who will perform better within the limited expenditures, will be rewarded. Cost as Assets:- There are some costs, which are incurred for the internal development of the company, such as training development, research expenses etc. It may not provide results within a certain accounting period, but proves to be very effective over several periods. Therefore, the finance department should treat those costs as assets, which are incurred for future economic growth (Speakman and Rysova 2015). Reference List:- Li, Q. Liu, Z. 2014, "An investigation on research and development cost reduction and channel strategies in competing supply chains",International Journal of Industrial Engineering Computations,vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 387-394. Maricica, M. Georgeta, V. 2012, "Business Failure Risk Analysis using Financial Ratios",Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences,vol. 62, pp. 728-732. MONEA, M. 2013, "INFORMATION SYSTEM OF THE FINANCIAL ANALYSIS",Annals of the University of Petrosani : Economics,, no. 2, pp. 149-156 Nawaz, M. 2013, "An Insight Into the Two Costing Technique: Absorption Costing and Marginal Costing",BRAND : Broad Research in Accounting,vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 48-61 Omar, N., Sanusi, Z.M., Zulaikha, Johari, A. Mohamed, I.S. 2014, "Predicting financial stress and earning management using ratio analysis",Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences,vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 183. Shim, J.K., Siegel, J.G. Shim, A.I. 2011;2012;,Budgeting Basics and Beyond,4. Aufl.;4th;4; edn, Wiley, US Speakman, J. Rysova, A. 2015,Small Entrepreneur in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situations,World Bank Publications.

Kenny Chesney ; No Shoes Nation by Kenny Chesney free essay sample

Kenny Chesney Kenny Chesney is a renowned country singer and songwriter. Threw his career he has recorded around 20 albums. Kenny was born on March 26, 1968 (48 years old 2016) in Knoxville, Tennessee. He is known for wearing his baseball cap or cowboy hat. I have been to one of Kennys concerts along the Big Revival Tour at Gillette Stadium. That concert was one of the best one’s I have ever been to. Kenny Chesney not only makes music bus has his own brand and radio station. No Shoes Nation is his brand. It in compasses who his fans are, Kenny’s style, what he is about, and was the name to his 2013 tour. When he decided to call all the fans No Shoes Nation he was performing at Gillette Stadium in 2012. No Shoes Radio is Kenny’s official radio station. There is also an online version playing 24/7. At the time of writing this Kenny just released a new single Noise, last thursday (March, 24th). We will write a custom essay sample on Kenny Chesney ; No Shoes Nation by Kenny Chesney or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is a single prior to him releasing a new album this coming summer. When Kenny makes music he know just want No Shoes Nation wants. He has never disappointed with new music. I have listened and been a fan of his music from a kid. My parents always have country music playing and has rubbed off to me. If you had the chance to see my dad next to Kenny it is very hard to tell the difference, they look like brothers. Kenny is in my blood I will be a life member to No Shoes Nation. I love my country music no matter what others say about country. Kenny Chesney is just an amazing artist and will continue to send us great albums. I can’t wait to hear the rest of his new Noise album this summer. The No Shoes Nation will continue to grow and the No Shoes Radio won’t stop playing.When I get the chance to go and see Kenny again you can bet I will be there. I hope whoever reads this likes Kenny Chesney or just Country music as much as I do!

Get Over a Bad Break Up With These Lost Love Quotes

Get Over a Bad Break Up With These Lost Love Quotes Coping with a bad breakup? Has your boyfriend dumped you for greener pastures? Sure, love hurts. You knew that even before you got into the relationship. Love is not a garden of roses. Sometimes there are thorns too. Love is good; love is bad. You have to accept the whole package. Are you asking yourself right now: why me? You did not deserve this cold shoulder treatment, but you got it. You did everything possible to make the relationship work. Yet, you were dropped like a hot potato. Instead of beating yourself up, take a deep breath and calm down. Maybe, this was not meant to be. Everything happens for a good reason. Now, pull yourself together. You will come out of this mess unscathed. You will emerge stronger and wiser, after you have swallowed lifes bitter pills. So what now? Do you go back to your boyfriend, begging him to take you back? If that works for you, do it. However, ask yourself whether you would be happy to reconcile with your ex, after having lost your self-esteem during the process. If your boyfriend has dumped you, you should not be the needy, desperate lover who is willing to sign on a blank sheet of paper. The desperation to get back together should be mutual, if a healthy reconciliation has to occur. Instead, spend some time in quiet contemplation. Use this occasion to learn a few things about yourself. Reinvent yourself, not because you want your lost love to come back, but because you want to improve. Here are some lost love quotes for him. They work like a soothing balm on an aching heart. Release the venom inside you, and rebuild your life. As Alfred Lord Tennyson famously said, Tis better to have loved and lost, than never to have loved at all. Henry Ward Beecher What the heart has once owned and had, it shall never lose. Anais Nin Love never dies a natural death. It dies because we dont know how to replenish its source. It dies of blindness and errors and betrayals. It dies of illness and wounds; it dies of weariness, of withering, of tarnishing. My Best Friends Wedding If you love someone, you say it, you say it right then, out loud, or the moment just passes you by. Mignon McLaughlin In the arithmetic of love, one plus one equals everything, and two minus one equals nothing. Dorothy Parker Love is like quicksilver in the hand. Leave the fingers open and it stays. Clutch it, and it darts away. Kahlil Gibran Ever has it been that love knows not its own depth until the hour of separation. Ian McEwan When its gone, youll know what a gift love was. youll suffer like this. So go back and fight to keep it. La Bruyere We perceive when love begins and when it declines by our embarrassment when alone together. William Shakespeare So dear I love him that with him,All deaths I could endure.Without him, live no life. David Grayson Looking back, I have this to regret, that too often when I loved, I did not say so. Anonymous You will never know true happiness until you have truly loved, and you will never understand what pain really is until you have lost it. John Greenleaf Whittier For all sad words of tongue and pen, the saddest are those It might have been. G. K. Chesterton The way to love anything is to realize that it may be lost. Barbara DeAngelis You never lose by loving. You always lose by holding back. Alfred, Lord Tennyson Tis better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all. Edgar Allan Poe We loved with a love that was more than love. Michel de Montaigne If a man should importune me to give a reason why I loved him, I find it could no otherwise be expressed, than by making answer: because it was he, because it was I. William Thackeray It is best to love wisely, no doubt; but to love foolishly is better than not to be able to love at all. The Beatles Who knows how long Ive loved you,You know I love you still.Will I wait a lonely lifetime?If you want me to I will. Gretchen Kemp Theres this place in me where your fingerprints still rest, your kisses still linger, and your whispers softly echo. Its the place where a part of you will forever be a part of me.

The Apple Watch Biblography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Apple Watch Biblography - Assignment Example The authors of this article elaborate the efficiency and effectiveness of the production of goods and services. They also give the means and ways to which effectiveness and efficiency could be established. Much of the article lays emphasis on the equipment of production as a means to promote effectiveness and efficiency. This article gives a new method that will ensure accurate estimation and prediction of effectiveness and efficiency in companies. The new method uses loss analysis (relative), state analysis, unit loss analysis and unit product analysis. This paper can be used to elaborate the means that the Apple watch can be produced in a more efficient and effective manner. This will ensure that the Apple company eliminate or reduce losses that might be brought by inefficiency or ineffectiveness. Lynn, M. (2011). Segmenting and Targeting Your Market: Strategies and Limitations. In M. C. Sturman, J. B. Corgel, & R. Verma (Eds.), The Cornell School of Hotel Administration on hospitality, 1, 353- 369. Lynn reveals the STP (segmentation, targeting and positioning) strategy as the key to market strategy. This is the common approach that is used among most markets. The STP strategy is the most written strategy of all times as shown in this article. This STP approach views the market in terms of distinct homogenous groups. These groups are characterized with different desires and needs, thus have different tastes. The STP based marketer’s role is for identification of the market segments and their features that make them distinct. They also help in the identification of segments that they believe their products can do better compared to their competitors. This ensures that the company lays focus in leading the market in terms of the products that they produce. This article will help in the identification of the target market for Apple watch. It will also

Legal system and method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legal system and method - Essay Example Four Judges heard the case as there were two appeals heard together. They were heard together as they both involved interpretation of section 3 of the Homicide Act 1957. 3. Which judge chaired the bench and handed down the judgment? Write a brief biographical note on this judge, including his later career. What controversial statement did he make about Sharia law, in 2008? Name and date three out-of court-speeches made by this judge. How would you summarise his views on human rights? Lord Phillips CJ chaired and delivered the judgment. Nicholas Addison Phillips was born in 1938 and had his education at Bryanston School, Blandofrd, Dorset and Kings College, Cambridge. He served in Royal Navy. He was enrolled into the bar in 1962 and started his judicial service as a Recorder in 1982. After his stint as a High Court judge in 1987 and an appeal court judge in 1995, he became a Lord of appeals in 1999 and Master of the Rolls at the Court of Appeal, Civil division in June 2000. During his tenure, he heard appeals of General Augusto Pincohet, former dictator of Chile and ruled that he was not entitled to immunity from extradition. He presided over well known trials including the appeals from Maxwell brothers and Barlow Clowes, an investment company. He also conducted the BSE enquiry and concluded that a timely action by the government would have prevented the spread of the disease. Known for his simplicity of cycling to court, he is married to Cristylle Marie-Therese Rouffiac and has two children.1,2. During his speech before the London Muslim Council on 3 July 2008, he expressed that he was in favour of Sharia law being introduced in England and Wales provided it did not conflict with the laws of the country or did not result in severe punishments being imposed. Adding that there had been widespread misconception about Sharia law in England, he advocated that it could be used for alternative dispute resolution forms such as mediation and arbitration besides applicat ion of the Sharia law to marriage formalities. He also welcomed introduction of Islamic financial products. 3. Lord Phillip’s three out of court speeches: 1) â€Å"The Supreme Court And Other Constitutional Changes In The UK† before â€Å"Members Of The Royal Court The Jersey Law Society and Members Of The States Of Jersey â€Å" at The Royal Court St Helier Jersey 2nd May 2008. 2) â€Å"Lord Mayor’s Dinner for the Judges† at the Mansion House on 15 July 2008. 3) â€Å"Equality before the Law† at East London Muslim Centre on 3 July 2008. Lord Phillip has said that Human Rights are not hampering the efforts of the government to fight against terrorism. He reminds that Britain has welcomed refugees from all over the world after the World War II to guarantee them protection from violation of their human rights. â€Å"The so called 'war against terrorism' is not so much a military as an ideological battle. Respect for human rights is a key weapon in that ideological battle.†4 4. Who was the second ranking judge in the case? What was his role at the time? What is his job now? Write a brief biographical note on him. What is his special relationship with Kingston University? Name and date three out-of-court speeches made by this judge. What is his reputation on sentencing? Second ranking judge was Justice Poole. Sir David Anthony Poole was born on 8 June 1938 and died on 18 June 2006 shortly

The rationale rights based approaches

The rationale rights based approaches This essay will discuss about the rationale, shortcomings and potentials of rights based approaches to development as a subject. The objective of this essay is to explore the above mentioned in detail as this is believed to help all those involved in development work and to add to the existing debates in this area. The other reason is to clarify this theorisation for actors in the field be it NGOs and government or international agencies dealing with development to really understand what rights based approaches entail. Rights based approaches to development has become so popular for the past decade, with development agencies and national governments understanding it and implementing it in a diverse of ways. As Hickey put it â€Å"Some development professionals remained committed to the approach, while others were frustrated at the lack of progress in realising its apparent potential. Some academics and activists expressed continuing scepticism and argued that the rights based approach was one more example of northern hegemony†.(Hickey etal,2009:9) It is against this backdrop that discussing about the shortcomings and potentials of rights based approaches is appropriate. The discussion is hoped that it will help governments and NGOs to take into account the shortcomings and potentials in their development work. The essay focuses on the rights based approaches in generally, for there is need for self reflection so that actors can understand both the negative and positive side of rights based approaches for it to be a helpful tool on the ground rather than theory. This point was emphasised by Hickey saying â€Å".neither praise nor damn rights based approaches to development, and to instead work toward a more balanced understanding of both potentials and pitfalls of such approaches. We hope that this measure assessment will avoid the antagonisms with other new approaches to development for example social capital, participation, in which reasonable disagreements have become running battles, entrenching increasingly polarised positions, clouding attention to facts on the ground and preventing the productive synergies that should develop between opposing views.†(Hickey etal, 2009:209). To address the issues highlighted in the above paragraphs the essay will deal with the rationale of rights based approaches followed by a discussion on the current debates which will help to highlight the shortcomings and potentials. A comparative analysis with other approaches to development will be looked at and a discussion about the shortcomings and potentials which will be followed by a conclusion. Various definitions has been put forward to describe what a rights based approach is. As stated in the Human Rights Reference Book, â€Å"Human rights to development can be defined as a conceptual and analytical approach to development cooperation, which is based on the standards and principles of human rights and which aims to incorporate these standards and principles in all planning and implementation of development cooperation †(Sepulveda etal 2004:03) Others define a rights based approach in what it does to a situation. As stated in Ball, â€Å"A Rights based approach helps to uncover the root causes of under development, conflict and even natural disasters such as famine.†(Ball 2005:278).In relation to this essay, the definition as propagated by Sepulveda in the Human Rights Handbook will be used or referred to. For the proper understanding to the readers, there is need to define as well what development is and which definition is applied in this contexts as rights based approach focuses on the way in which development is being approached. The preamble to the Right to Development Declaration states that, â€Å"Development is a comprehensive economic, social, cultural and political process, which aims at the constant improvement of the well being of the entire population and all individuals on the basis of their active, free and meaningful participation in development and in the fair distribution of benefits resulting there from.†[1] This definition will be the one referred to in this essay since it cover so many things and it is a consensus from all the nations which fall under the United Nations. Having stated the objective of the essay, given the definitions of development and rights based approach the essay will now discuss the rationale behind having rights based approach to development. In order to highlight the shortcomings and contributions the fundamental reasons for using a rights based approach to development will be discussed. It is my view that from the past development projects were not incorporating human rights in their agendas. Human development and human rights were seen as separate fields altogether. However it was realised that all the two frameworks are there to promote and secure the peoples dignity and also freedoms. As stated by Nyamu-Musembi, â€Å"A rights based approach adds an element of accountability and culpability, an ethical or moral dimension to development. It therefore, demands a shift from viewing poverty eradication as development goal to viewing it as a matter of social justice, as the realisation of a right and fulfilment of a duty.†(Nyamu-Musembi, 2005:42) However in relation to NGOs, adopting rights based approach is based on the fact that it is moral right, and widely accepted perception that it brings contributions to traditional approaches which will be discussed in the essay. It was also believed international-wide by authors and professionals that development should have a consideration for rights. It is the writers view that human rights and development are more effective together than either one on its own. And this reason of combining a rights based approach to development was confirmed by Theis as he stated that â€Å"Combining human rights, development and activism create a more effective approach than any of them on their own. A rights based approach has a greater chance of achieving results in the fight against injustice, inequality, poverty and exploitation†. (Theis, 2004:13). The realisation by actors in development was to the effect that not all was being done to realise the rights of people and there was need for some comprehensive approach to tackle issues as poverty and address the inequalities involved and this can be done through legal means. Petit said â€Å"Development practitioners have to begun to recognise the limits of their technical and micro-project approaches in tackling the root causes of poverty. They have recognised the need to address deeper structures of inequality and exclusion and to confront these at the legal and political as well as social, cultural and economic levels.†(Petit, p92) Also according to Gready the realisation of links has led to the issue of rights in development as he stated that â€Å"Recognition of the fundamental links between rights, denial, impoverishment, vulnerability and conflict has led to the incorporation of rights- based approaches into the funding strategies, policy formulations and practice of a diverse range of actors.†(Gready P etal.2005:1). The other reason for adopting a rights based approach to development was that it uses different lens for the analysis of problems which development seeks to address. The committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights have summarised or explained the above statement as follows â€Å"The real potential of human rights lies in its ability to change the way people perceive themselves vis-a-vis the government and other actors. Rights framework provides a mechanism for reanalysing and renaming â€Å"problems like contaminated water or malnutrition as â€Å"violations† and, as such, something that need not and should not be tolerated..Rights make it clear that violations are neither inevitable nor natural, but arise from deliberate decisions and policies. By demanding explanation and accountability, human rights expose the hidden prioritise and structures behind violations and challenge the conditions that create poverty†[2] Having looked at the rationale for using rights based approach it is important for this essay to discuss some of the debates which are existing in this field to clearly show the potentials and shortcomings of rights based approach. There has been a debate that human rights based approaches re-politicise development through NGOs work and it is still topical. This was about humanitarian principles applied by international agencies namely impartiality, independence and neutrality which are considered to be political values. Most writers have agreed that development can be re-politicised by human rights based approach especially in relation to to the identification of needs. As Nyamu -Musembi and Cornwall expressed that â€Å"Whereas a needs based approach focuses on securing additional resources for delivery of services to marginalised groups, a rights based approach calls for existing resources to be shared more equally.assisting the marginalised people to assert their rights to those resources, thus making the process explicitly political†(Nyamu-Musembi etal 2004:2). This debate is now looked at to see if it can highlight some shortcomings or potentials of using a right based approach. In this case I will try and analyse whether being political in the sense portrayed is bad for development. It is my personal view that it is necessary part for rights based approach to be political as this can bring public awareness and include naming, shaming for the governments and development actors for the rights violations. It is my contention that using other methods was leaving behind the issue of power relations that exist in society and this causes them not to look at the root causes of the problems. Others argue that human rights based approaches are a new form of imperialism used to provide an increasingly intrusive attack on sovereignty, democracy and political debate. Some argue that this issue of cultural imperialism stems from the origins or foundation of human rights which is mainly western in nature. But others also defended the position by arguing that the universal aspect of rights is necessary for it adds legitimacy and that human rights based approaches involves both sides of universality and cultural relativism. Looking at this debate I find it to portray a potential of rights based approach to development. Those who support human rights based approaches are happy and felt that putting development within the confines of the law is good for it creates a point of accountability, that is obligations and rights or duties mainly on states and all the actors involved in development programmes. As pointed by Gready that â€Å"The value -added of rights based approach can be sought through direct applications of the law, but more particularly through indirect and strategic uses of the law.†(Gready 2008:78) However there are some who are so sceptical about using the law where there are inequalities and existing power relations which are different. The existing debates are showing potentials and rationale of human rights based approaches as perceived in the development circles. To real engage in the debate as to whether rights based approach have any potential or has some shortcomings, a comparative analysis will be done with other traditional approaches which were used and in this case sustainable livelihoods and needs based approaches or charity. In relation to sustainable livelihoods it can be said that they can complement each other but it deals with the impact of entitlements whilst rights based deals more with what entitlements the marginalised people should have and focus more on the long run effect. This can highlight the potential made by rights based as compared to sustainable livelihoods approach. Another approach to be discussed is needs based, in which case it is mainly based on needs and even selective as to which needs are more important and will be addressed. Looking at a rights based approach it can be compared to a needs based and be found to be better for it addresses the root causes of the problem since rights are indivisible it deals with the situation as it is. A needs based approach no one has obligation and duty unlike in a rights based approach, it entails binding and moral obligations on the actors like government. The other fact about needs based approaches is that like sustainable livelihoods, it focuses on the short term just to address the needs but a right based looks at the long term. I strongly believe that rights based approaches to development has improved the situations and contributed a lot to development as a subject. In a rights based approach the subjects are empowered to claim for their own rights. A table inspired by Save the children will be dra wn to show this comparison, summarising the differences between rights based and needs based. It is not disputed that these are good contributions made by rights based approaches to development Inspired by Save the children and created by the author The comparative analysis has been done by various authors among them Jonsson from UNICEF stated when comparing needs based and rights based approaches to nutrition, â€Å"..the essence of the differences is that in the former beneficiaries have no active claims to ensure that their needs will be met, and there is no binding obligation or duty for anybody to meet these needs. In contrast, a rights based approach recognises beneficiaries as active subjects or claim -holders and establishes duties or obligations for those against whom a claim can be held.†(Jonsson 1999:49) From the above comparative analysis with other approaches or perspectives to development it can be safely concluded that human rights based approaches contributed significantly to development as a subject and has the potential of driving development works in a better direction for the betterment of the marginalised groups. After having dealt with a needs based approach to show the contributions made by rights based approach another comparative analysis is done with a charity based approach. This approach has been criticised because it give the impression that a problem has been solved, but it does not deal with the root causes as well and it does not give the beneficiaries the opportunity to make decisions. Rights based approach is rapidly trying and replacing this charity based to overcome the shortcomings. The table below also shows the different between charity and rights based approach to development Inspired by (Lisndstorm -Sarelim and Mustaniemi-Laakso.2007) and created by the author From the above table 2 it can be said the rights based approaches have contributed significantly to development as a subject. Despite the theoretical strength of this approach, it is also not free from shortcomings. The following section will explore the shortcomings of the approach without a specific context and juxtapose it with the potentials which will be grouped into four categories namely political, conceptual, organisational and strategic challenges and ideological as well as implementation. All this is done to address the issues as to whether rights based approaches have really contributed or is it is just a failure. Conceptual It can be said that rights based approaches sometimes suffer a number of conceptual difficulties, especially in the economic social and cultural spheres. As can be supported by John Farrington, â€Å"The difficulty of systematically incorporating a time frame in the consideration of right, so that for instance they do not illuminate environmental issues such as the appropriate rate of depletion of non-renewable resources. The difficulty of conceptualising an appropriate balance between rights and responsibilities and also the difficulty of defining when cultural specifications override wider good should require suspension of normal rights. The difficulties in resolving tensions among different levels at which rights are conceived†, (Farrington,2001:3) There is a progressive potential though, rights based approach did position development as being for everyone and not really focusing on the so called poorest people in society. It also gives some political issues into development in the issues be it problems and solutions. Organisational and strategic challenges Rights based approach can be said that it gives an organisation a hard time in that rights are indivisible, so they cannot prioritise since all rights are equally important and this is really difficult when the organisation has only limited resources to address the issues at stake. Another issues that in the process the staff is engaged in the politics at a greater stage than with other approaches. This can be against foreign policy and the organisations may compromise the humanitarian principle of neutrality and this can be dangerous to the staff. On the other hand it can be said the approach is a potential in that this is a holistic approach and can help the development agencies to deal with the root causes of the problem which in some situations would be authorities. It gives a clear planning to organisations. Political A rights based approach can be said to have a shortcoming in that it put on the state, as a duty bearer all the burden. And another contentious issue is of taking matters to the courts, in these instances it will be on individual basis and this undermines or destroys the collective struggles. Rights based approach in some instances might be too confrontational a method or a strategy and this takes away or removes the other approaches of negotiation. Again it can be regarded a potential as it gives and impose obligations also creates duty bearers. It makes the beneficiaries or rights holders to participate in programmes and play a role in the decisions that affect their lives. Its again strengthens the principle of equality and citizenship. Ideological Rights based approach can be said to be supporting the neoliberal agenda or ideas by emphasising on individualism. And the approach does not sometimes take into account different contexts and some ideas may not be good for a certain group of environment, they just applied equal everywhere. On the other hand it can be said rights based approach put development so as to address inequalities and fight discrimination of marginalised groups and address power relations through development on how to distribute resources. Rights based approach needs adequate resources to be implemented and this sometimes offer a major problem for there can be financial constraints After exploration of the potentials, shortcomings and the rationale for rights based approaches in a bid to address the issues as a way of self criticism within the approach, it is noble to provide some suggestion so as to take forward the goal and securing more progressive forms of development. Though it has been discussed that rights based approaches re-politicise development, it can be said that it is necessary for development actors to tackle the underlying causes of poverty and marginalised. Also when rights based approaches is focused, there is need to be defined and conceptualised well since there is room for diverse interpretation. I t is also suggested that there is need for self reflection of the rights based to understand the potentials and shortcomings as this will help to move this tool of human rights based approach from being theory into practice, or from theoretical arguments to evidence based arguments. Conclusion Rights based approach is here to stay and be implemented in development projects, however as highlighted in the essay it has made tremendous contributions to development as a subject by bringing into board the issues of accountability, duty bearers, participation of the citizens and dealing with the root causes of the problem. It again tries to address the inequalities from the power relations that exits in society. Like any other approach it also suffers shortcomings from the way it can be implemented, different contexts, political and ideological differences that exist as some portray it as a form of cultural imperialism and some sort of western hegemony. This writer was aware of the existing talks with regard to the approach and have decided to do a rundown of the approach looking into the contributions that has been made and also the shortcomings as a way of helping the various actors involved in development to know more about the approach so as to appreciate it as it is and work ing towards improving on the shortcomings highlighted. It was also intended to add to the existing debates as to whether rights based approaches have failed or not. References Ball O.2005 â€Å"Conclusion†, in P Gready Reinventing development? Translating rights-based approaches from theory into practice (PP278-300) Farrington J.2001, Sustainable Livelihoods, Rights and the New Architecture of Aid, Number 69, June 2001, The Overseas Development Institute. London Gready, P 2008 â€Å"Rights based approaches to development: What is the value added? Development in practice- oxford p74 Hickey S. and D Milton (eds) 2009 Rights Based Approaches to Development, Exploring the Potential and Pitfalls. Kumarian Press Jonsson U.1999 Historical Summary on the SCN Working Group on Nutrition, Ethics, and Human Rights.SCN News 18 July, special issue on Adequate Food: A Human Right:49-51 Lundstrom-Sarelin, A and M Mustaniemi-Laasko 2007 Human Rights Based Approach to Development; what is it all about? HRBA in development cooperation: change from needs based to rights based† 27. 09.2007 Nyamu -Musembi C and A Cornwall2004 â€Å"What is the rights based approach â€Å"all about: Perspectives from International development agencies, Sussex, England. Institute of Development Studies. Nyamu -Musembi.C2005 â€Å"An Actor-oriented Approach to Rights in Development†, IDS Bulletin, Volume 36 Number 1, January 2005 pp42. Petit Jand J Wheeler, Developing Rights? Relating Discourse to Context and Practice. Institute of development Studies Sepulveda M,T Van Banning D.Gudmundsclotter,C. Chamoun and WJM.Van Genungten(eds) 2004 Human Rights Reference Handbook, University of Peace. Theis J 2004 Promoting Rights Based Approaches, Experiences and Ideas from Asia and the Pacific. Save the children Sweden. Keen Publishing. Declaration on the Right to development, adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in resolution 41/128 of 4 December 1986. CESCR (Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights) 1999 International Technical Assistance Measures (article 2).CESCR General Comment Number 2.Geneva.CESCR.

Continuing Academic Success Essay

Of course everyone wants to be successful! It takes 100% of effort and determination to be successful. Maintaining believable goals keeps you on track for the road of success. If you keep your goals in mind, you will not astray from them. Achieving goals that you have set for yourself is your responsibility. It is easy to get distracted from your academic goals, if they are not maintained on a daily basis. Continuing academic success has helped numerous of students succeed. Continuing academic success means to have an advantage by resuming academic growth in an educational environment. Success is the ability to plan, be persistent, set goals, and accomplish them. There are so many fundamentals for continuing academic success, in which your attitude has a great impact on your academic structure. Accomplishing academic goals are an advantage for growth and numerous opportunities. Continuing your academic success is important in which you conduct research to gain knowledge. Another impo rtant necessity needed for success is to set goals. The best decision any person could make is to plan ahead for your desired position in life. Applying skills from your resources in or outside of school can also help you to be successful. Gaining Knowledge Acknowledging your learning style gives you insight on how to obtain a constructive pattern towards success. There are 3 different modes of learning styles which are visual, kinesthetic, and auditory. In visual mode, you can describe your learning preferences if you can learn by pictures, Shapes, sculpture, or paintings. Some individuals prefer learning by gestures, body movements, object manipulation and positing, which is kinesthetic. Last but not least, there is the auditory mode which includes  listening, rhythms, tone and chants. According to, Alsop & Ryan, 1996, learning styles have a profound impact on learning. Personal awareness of learning styles and confidence in communicating this is the first steps towards achieving an optimal learning environment. (Alsop & Ryan, 1996.) Discovering your personal learning style helps you with your skill development. This also gives you personal awareness and helps you to utilize your thinking skills effectively. Knowing your learning style helps you to navigate through your career and helps you to be in control of your own success. For instance, Omrod, 2008, p.106 wrote, â€Å"Some cognitive styles and dispositions do seem to influence how and what information is presented through words (verbal learners), whereas others seem to learn better when it’s presented through pictures (visual learners)†. Thus educational psychology students and aspiring teachers are being taught that students have particular learning styles and that these styles should be accommodated by instruction tailored to those learning styles. Having knowledge of my personal learning style helps me to make better judgments, when deciding on my point of view on a particular subject. I believe that being a visual learner, is a great way to learn. Most things people know is by seeing with their eyes and watching. When watching, it’s easier to learn a lot about people and things that are beneficial to you. I learn a lot about my surroundings and things about myself, being a visual learner. It is easy for me to organize information, define problems and develop theories. I believe being a visual learner is a strong asset because it helps me achieve on higher levels on a daily basis in everyday life. It is more convenient, well an advantage to know your learning style and to utilize it. Setting Goals Success comes from acquiring a positive mentality, preparing and focusing on desired goals. Success is making the best choices to prevent failure and to succeed. Success requires a challenge and commitment and helps an individual to accomplish goals. It is based on Ryan (1970) premise that conscious goals affect action. A goal is the object or aim of an action, for example, to attain a specific standard of proficiency, usually within a specified time limit. As industrial-organizational psychologists, our  primary interest has been to predict, explain, and influence performance on organizational or work-related tasks. Thus, we focused on the relationship between conscious performance goals and level of task performance rather than on discrete intentions to take specific actions (e. g. , to apply to graduate school, to get a medical examination). According to Dobbins, Pettman, 1997, Set Goals It’s mandatory to set goals, so that you can be successful. Goal setting can help an individual tremendously because they can set short term goals and accomplish them. I have many goals, dreams and aspirations†¦ My lifetime goal is to become a CEO of a 500 fortune company 10 years from now. Setting short term goals can help me achieve my long term goals and get closer to my dreams. Setting goals can also give me a peace of mind and keep me focused . Time management gives you the opportunity to get a lot done throughout the day. Eventually you will be able to accomplish small to larger tasks. Setting goals and managing time, you would surely achieve your set goals. Skills that you learn daily from school or your personal life can be used as transferable skills that will help you advance at being successful. We know that success is derived from both knowledge and positive mental attitude. We also know that failure is strongly associated with lack of knowledge and negative attitudes. Focusing upon desired goals stimulates excitement and enthusiasm, which are in turn strongly associated with positive mental attitude. Very few people are prepared t o set goals. Most people are not prepared to learn more or make the necessary efforts to be more positive. Apply Skills The writing process helps you advance in your education and career because it’s easy to brain storm. Applying knowledge you gain will always be beneficial. Academic integrity is important you are taking responsibility for your work. As far as conducting research and citing information where you have found your sources. Plagiarism a complex concept, argues Sutherland-Smith, who isolates six elements of plagiarism (pp. 70-3) from the work of Peccorari (2002): language borrowed or stolen source, by whom, without acknowledgement, with or without intent to deceive. Plagiarism comes with consequences if one isn’t careful. There is a possibility of being expelled from school. Conclusion Continuing academic success is a great path to take. On continuing your education you learn to gain knowledge, set goals and apply what you have learned. Knowing your learning style will also help you to achieve in being successful! References Dobbins, R., & Pettman, B. O. (1997). Set goals. Equal Opportunities International, 16(6/7), 9-43. ProQuest Central. Robertson, L., Smellie, T., & Wilson, P. (2011, March). Learning Styles and Fieldwork Education: Students’ perspectives. New Zealand Journal of Occupational Therapy, 58(1), 36-40. ProQuest Central. Ryan, T. A. (1970). Intentional behavior. New York: Ronald Press White, G. (2009) ). Plagiarism: The internet and student learning-improving academic http://faculty.washington.edu/janegf/goalsetting.html integrity. Australian Journal of Education,53(2), 209-211

Conflicts Are Important Worksheet Essay

In this assignment, you must write 300 to 450 words on conflict and conflict management. Record your answers in this worksheet. Part 1: The Five Conflict Types Describe each of the five conflict types using paragraph form. 1. Pseudo conflicts: Pseudo conflicts are imaginary conflicts that are a result of faulty assumptions and false dilemmas (Cheesebro, O’Conner, & Rios, 2010). Many times pseudo conflicts involve two parties with the same views on a subject arguing because they misunderstand or misperceive what the other person is trying to say. 2. Fact conflicts: Fact conflicts arise when two parties disagree about information that can be easily verified or the way it is verified (Cheesebro, O’Conner, & Rios, 2010). 3. Ego conflicts: Ego conflicts usually center on status or power and occur when one party feels as though their opinion or way of doing things is far superior than anyone else (Cheesebro, O’Conner, & Rios, 2010). 4. Value conflicts: Value conflicts usually occur in personal relationships, and arise when someone challenges another’s personal beliefs in which they hold near and dear (Cheesebro, O’Conner, & Rios, 2010). These conflicts can be very intense and long lasting. 5. Need conflicts: Need conflicts arise when the needs of one individual are put before the needs of another or when the needs of each individual are not specifically stated and understood by both parties (Cheesebro, O’Conner, & Rios, 2010). Part 2: The Five Conflict Management Styles Describe each of the five conflict management styles and explain the strengths and weaknesses of each. Use paragraph form. 1. Avoiders: Avoiders steer clear of conflict and simply avoid the issues because they view it as trivial, unimportant, or have no chance of winning the argument. Strengths of avoiding style is to prevent an immediate conflict and weakness is that the conflict will fester longer and remains superficial (Thomas & Kilmann, 2014). 2. Accommodators: Accommodators believe conflict is destructive and allow others to determine the outcome (Cheesebro, O’Conner, & Rios, 2010). The strength of using this style is when the issue is not as important to you as it is to the other party and the weakness is you can begin to feel taken advantage of (Thomas & Kilmann, 2014). 3. Forcers: Forcers believe winning is everything and employ persuasion with emotional appeals (Cheesebro, O’Conner, & Rios, 2010). This style is best used when your core values need to be defended and weakness is you receive less input and ideas from others (Thomas & Kilmann, 2014). 4. Compromisers: Compromisers believe that those involved in the conflict must be ready to give in a little to reach a solution (Cheesebro, O’Conner, & Rios, 2010). This style is best used to achieve temporary settlements to complex issues and weakness is no one really gets what they originally wanted (Thomas & Kilmann, 2014). 5. Collaborators: Collaborators believe with hard work, both parties can and will get their needs met (Cheesebro, O’Conner, & Rios, 2010). This style is best used to integrate both sets of concerns and weakness is can take longer to resolve the problem (Thomas & Kilmann, 2014). Part 3: Collaborative Communication List two methods of collaborative communication and describe how using them can help you avoid conflicts. Two methods of collaborative communication are social media/software and boards. Social software such as blogs, instant messaging and social networks like Facebook and Twitter, are a great way to allow large groups to receive the same message when they are in many different places (Greene, Crystal, 2014). The use of chalkboards have been replaced by digital or electronic whiteboards and have been used for decades as way to visually demonstrate and communicate ideas that lead to brainstorming and other group collaborations. References Cheesebro, T., O’Conner, L., & Rios, F. (2010). Chapter 7: Conflict Resolution. In Communicating in the Workplace. Pearson Education. Greene, Crystal. (2014). Collaborative Communication Tools. Retrieved from eHOW.com: http://www.ehow.com/list_6828701_collaborative-communication-tools.html Thomas, K., & Kilmann, R. (2014). Five Conflict Management Styles. Retrieved from http://www.ntc.edu/studentlifeblog/wp-content/uploads/Handout-Conflict-Management-Styles.pdf