Seven Strategies to Provide Help for Teachers

Most teachers are eager to learn, want to improve, and work hard at their craft. Some are more natural than others and innately understand what it takes to be an effective teacher. However, there are many teachers that need time and assistance in developing the skills it takes to be an outstanding teacher. All teachers have areas where they are strong and areas in which they are weak. The best teachers will work hard to improve in all areas. Sometimes a teacher needs assistance in identifying their strengths and weaknesses as well as a plan to improve. This is a crucial part of a principal’s job. A principal should know each teacher’s individual strength and weaknesses. They should develop a plan for providing help for teachers that focus on areas that need improvement. There are many ways that a principal can provide help for teachers. Here, we examine seven strategies that a principal may use in developing a plan of improvement for each teacher. Identify the Essential There are many areas that a teacher must be solid in to be an effective teacher. Being ineffective in one area often has an effect on other areas. As a principal, it is vital that you narrow the focus to what you consider being the biggest areas of need. For example, you may be working with a teacher in which you have identified six areas that need improvement. Working on all six areas at once will be overwhelming and counter-intuitive. Instead, identify the two that you believe are most prominent and start there. Create a plan that focuses on improving in those top areas of need. Once those areas improve to an effective level, then you can create a plan to work on other areas of need. It is critical that teacher understands that you are trying to help them throughout this process. They must trust that you have their best interest in mind. A strong principal will build a relationship with their teacher that allows them to be critical when they need to be without hurting a teacher’s feelings. Constructive Conversation A principal should have in-depth conversations on a regular basis with their teachers about the happenings in their classroom. These conversations not only give the principal perspective about what is happening in the classroom, they allow the principal to give helpful suggestions and tips through informal conversation. Most young teachers especially are sponges. They want to improve and seek out knowledge of how to do their job better. These conversations also are significant trust builders. A principal who actively listens to their teachers and works to create solutions to their problems will gain their trust. This can lead to helpful conversations that can immensely improve a teacher’s effectiveness. They will be more open when you are critical because they understand you are looking out for what is best for them and the school. Video/Journaling There are occasions in which a teacher may not see something as an area in which they need to improve. In this case, it may be advantageous for you to video a series of lessons so that they can watch it back to understand what you are seeing in your observations. Watching video of your teaching can be a powerful tool. You will be surprised at what you learn about yourself as you watch the tape back. This can lead to powerful reflection and realization that you do need to change to your approach in how you teach. Journaling can also be an exceptional tool to help a teacher improve. Journaling allows a teacher to keep track of different approaches they have used and to compare their effectiveness days, months, or even years later. Journaling allows to teachers to look back at where they were and see how much they have grown over the course of time. This self-reflection can spark a desire to continue to improve or to change an area in which the writing helps them realize they need to make changes. Model the Skills Principals are supposed to be the leaders in their building. Sometimes the best way to lead is to model. A principal should never be afraid to put a lesson together that focuses on an individual teacher’s weakness and then teach that lesson to the teacher’s class. The teacher should observe and make notes throughout the lesson. This should be followed up with a healthy conversation between you and the teacher. This conversation should focus on what they saw you do in their lessons that many of their lessons often lack. Sometimes a teacher simply needs to see it done right to understand what they need to change and how they are supposed to do it. Set up Observations With a Mentor There are teachers that are experts at their craft who are willing to share their insights and experiences with other teachers. This can be powerful in many different areas. Every young teacher should be given the opportunity to observe an established veteran teacher and have them serve as their mentor. This relationship should be a two-way street where the mentor could also observe the other teacher and provide feedback. There are so many positives that can come out of this type of relationship. A veteran teacher may be able to share something that clicks with the other teacher and sets them on the path of them becoming a mentor someday themselves. Provide Resources There are so many resources that a principal can provide a teacher that focuses on every possible area in which they may struggle. Those resources include books, articles, videos, and websites. It is essential to give your struggling teacher a variety of resources that provide multiple strategies for improving. What works for one teacher may not work for another. After giving them time to look through the material, follow it up with conversations to see what they took from the resources as well as how they plan to apply it to their classroom. Provide Specific Professional Development Another way to provide help for teachers is to give them professional development opportunities that are unique to their own individual needs. For example, if you have a teacher that struggles with classroom management, find an outstanding workshop which deals with classroom management and send them to it. This training can be invaluable to improving a teacher. When you send them to something you hope that they are able to gain valuable, applicable insights that they can immediately bring back to their classrooms and apply.

Human Rights in China Essay - 2278 Words

Human Rights in China One of the first things that come to mind about human rights in China would most likely be the Tiananmen Square massacre, where in 1989 hundreds of student protestors lost their lives to the Peoples Republic of China. The bloody body of a dead student removed from the street right after the Tiananmen Square crackdown on June 4, 1989. Web page http://www.rjgeib.com/thoughts/china/china.html The name Peoples Republic of China seems a contradiction of its meaning. If indeed its name is the Peoples Republic of China than why did it massacre peaceful protestors with tanks and machine guns? But the Chinese government argues that the force was necessary for maintaining a national order (Muzhi Zhu). The†¦show more content†¦Thereafter, several leaders of the movement were sentenced to long prison terms in late December, and hundreds of others were sentenced to reeducation through labor. Late in the year, according to some reports, the government started confining some Falun Gong adherents to psychiatric hospitals (China Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1999). The government continued to commit widespread and well-documented human rights abuses in violation of internationally accepted terms. These abuses stemmed from the governments extremely limited tolerance of public unrest. The Constitution and laws provide for fundamental human rights however, these rights are often ignored in practice. Abuses included instances of extra-judicial killings, torture and mistreatment of prisoners, forced confessions, arbitrary arrest and detention, lengthy incommunicado detention, and denial of due process(Amnesty International. China, violations of human rights). Prison conditions at most facilities remained very harsh. In many cases, especially in sensitive political cases, the judicial system denied criminal defendants basic legal safeguards and due process of the law, merely because authorities attached higher priorities to maintaining public order and suppressing political opposition than to enforcing the legal norms of the country (Amnesty Internat ional. China, violations of human rights). The government infringed on citizens privacy rights. The governmentShow MoreRelatedHuman Rights Violations in China908 Words   |  4 PagesHuman rights violation in China The People’s Republic of China with a population 1.3 billion, is the third largest country in the world and has a land size of 960,000 square kilometres. It is a rapidly growing economy, with living standards being raised every year. However, human rights violations are still a part of daily life in some part of China and can still be seen in the present time. The most controversial issues include discrimination, right to live and not to be subject to torture, freedomRead MoreHuman Rights Issues in China783 Words   |  3 PagesChina is known(recognized) (known for having) as one of the oldest civilizations in the world. One of the oldest known civilizations in China is the Xia Dynasty which began in 2070 B.C.E. Overtime civilizations adapt with the surrounding world, but China has always been a very independent nation. One of the most controversial topics that is discussed worldwide being Human Rights, China has been known(notorious for) to disregarding them, even though the re are International Human Rights Laws. The ChineseRead MoreIntensification of the Human Rights Issue in China1110 Words   |  4 PagesThe human rights issue in China is intensifying as China exercises limitations on dissidents and activists. Different reports on TV have clearly shown the restrictions towards issues as faith and religion as well as other issues related to the rights. In spite of the fast socio-economic change and the development that the technology is bringing, China is and continues to be a one-party, authoritarian state that obliges people not to be free. The freedoms of expression, the freedom to exerciseRead MoreChina s Development Of Human Rights1596 Words   |  7 PagesNovember 5, 2016, China has a population of over 1.37 billion people (Livepopulation). That number is expected to increase to 1.39 billion in just four years. With so many people occupying one country, there are many different traditions and a very diverse culture. China has over 56 ethnic groups, with the largest one being the Hans. A culture is the way a country’s people act and interact. This usually includes religion, language, food, etiquettes, art, ceremonies, etc. China has a culture thatRead MoreChina s Democracy And Human Right Essay953 Words   |  4 Pagesthe first Asian presidential system country- Republic of China was built in Nanjing then the emperor of Manchuria abdicated at end of this year. From this year, four thousand years’ Chinese absolute monarchy was ruined meanwhile two thousand years sacred and inviolable empero r system was buried. All future generations will not forget the man who devoted his whole life to China’s democracy and human right. He is the father of Republic of China- Sun yat-sen. Dr. Sun was born in 1866 and died in 1925Read MoreHuman Rights Violations in China - Should Western Companies Continue to Do Business with China?1636 Words   |  7 PagesHigh Commissioner for Human Rights (2010) claims that everyone is equally entitled to human rights without discrimination. In the western society, the principles of freedom, democracy and human rights are fundamental rights. However, the People’s Republic of China, commonly known as China, is still known as the largest human rights violator in the world. This raises the question whether or not western companies should continue doing business in China despite of the human rights violations. To findRead MoreInvestigate the impact Buddhism had on Human Rights in China Essay2603 Words   |  11 Pagesimpact that Buddhism had on Human rights in China. Discussion will centre on the history of Buddhism in China and the Cultural Revolution. Considering how Marxist ideology implemented changes to the religion of Bud dhism and the social conditions in this country, using politics has the base to build this essay to analyse the impact of communism on religion ,regarding Tibet. The paper will then discus the post communist society up until the present day using human right issues in Beijing and how ifRead More China vs. North Korea: Communism Essay1234 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States and China. That statement could be said about certain aspects of the three countries when looking purely at what is written on paper. According to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) World Fact Book all three countries have the essential three branches of government; executive, legislative, and judicial (2012). But it takes little effort to peel away the first layer and see the vast differences between The United States and the communist countries of China and North Korea. ThisRead MoreCanada and Americas Obligations to China Essay1135 Words   |  5 Pages Chinas record of human rights violations is lo ng and mind-boggling. Atrocities such as purging tens of millions of people during the Cultural Revolution, its infamous one-child-per-couple Population Policy, persistent oppression of Tibet and the bloody June 4 massacre at Tienanmen Square in 1989 have given the Chinese government a reputation of having little respect for human life. And yet, despite its tarnished record, China maintains its Most Favoured Nation trade status with the US and isRead MoreDemocracy In Australia Essay1602 Words   |  7 Pagesbusinesses, the press media and tourists should remain vigilant when interacting or doing business in China. Australia has joined strong allies the US, Japan and other Europe to condemn Chinas human rights violation and its commitment to restore international order on the United National Human Rights Council (Wen, 2017). In the 21st Century Australia is lobbying to ensure everyone have the same rights, treatment, equality before the law and equality of education, and healthcare, freedom of speech, free

Pipeline Inspection at Petronet, South Africa Free Essays

Introduction Petronet, a local company that transports natural gas through underground pipelines across South Africa, had approached MA2K Testing Labs to conduct an investigation on a leakage on the pipeline, which was found during a random leak inspection. The Pipeline operates from Johannesburg to Potchefstroom. Upon inspection a joint was singled out as being a major source of leakage. We will write a custom essay sample on Pipeline Inspection at Petronet, South Africa or any similar topic only for you Order Now The affected area was joined using a butt weld and reinforced with a clamp. This section was dissected and inspection revealed that the leakage was due to incomplete fusion in the weld which initiated the formation of hook cracks and cavities in the parent material directly adjacent to the weld. External stresses from the environment may have accelerated the growth of the cavities and cracks yet the clamp increased the strength of the joint aiding in the prevention of any accelerated growths of the defects. As a short term solution it is advised to replace the damaged section with a new pipe. It must be correctly welded of the same material and as an added precaution to weld an additional sleeve over the newly joined and welded section. As a long term solution it is advised to replace the entire pipeline with a new combination of materials. 1. Background Petronet, a leading company in South Africa which transports natural gas through underground pipelines conducted a random leak inspection survey on one of their pipelines operating from Johannesburg to Potchefstroom, and it was discovered that there was a gas leak at the specific joint. The pipe carries natural gas and it is imperative that the leak should be fixed, due to the volatile nature of gas as well as the loss of resource, in turn profits. The systems comprised of numerous seamless pipes and connected using a butt weld; these joints were reinforced by clamps bolted on. MA2K Testing Labs had been approached by Petronet, to inspect the leakage and was employed to identify the true cause of failure and as well as make many suitable recommendations for the repair and prevention of malfunction of the joint. The pipeline was effective since the 20th February 1995; this put the pipeline age in the region of 15 years. Figure 2.1 (Below) was taken on site 2. Description The defective section of the pipe, including the clamp was then marked, cut out and removed from the site for further inspection and analysis. The inspection and analysis was carried out in MA2K Testing Labs in Durban. Two grade A 106 GR.B SCH40 seamless pipes with outside diameters of 168.3mm and wall thickness of 9mm were butt welded end to end. A butt weld consists of the two pipes heated to a proper fusion temperature then joined by means of force. The joint was further secured by a clamp. The operating internal gas pressure was 2620 kPa (380 psi). Chemical composition of the pipe: Element C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Cu Ni V % ? 0.30 ? 0.10 0.291.06 ?0.035 ?0.035 ?0.40 ?0.15 ?0.40 ?0.40 ?0.08 3. Possibilities Of Failure 3.1. Weld Defects Penetration is poor at the start of welding Ensure the grades of pipes are constant to optimize bonding strength Poor quality welds caused by Inaccurate timing Incorrect temperature Incorrect pressure applied Failure due to fatigue (welding lowers fatigue strength) Fusion did not occur between weld metal and fusion faces. Incomplete penetration Weld metal does not extend through the joint thickness Exposed to water and contaminants in the gas, such as O2, H2S, CO2, or chlorides. A particular gas composition may cause corrosion under some operating conditions Oxygen content (oxidizing salts) Passing through soils of different mineral content Contact of different metals, particularly at valves (galvanic corrosion) Normally consists of gouges and dents. Generally created by excavation or handling equipment during construction. Results from cyclic stresses that are below the ultimate tensile stress, or even the yield stress of the material. 3.2. Incomplete Fusion 3.3. Internal Corrosion 3.4. External Corrosion 3.5. Mechanical Damage 3.6. Fatigue Crack 3.7. Material Defects Material defects are unwanted contaminants at the melting of steel, the steel forming or the heat treating. Furthermore faults can occur by improper storage or processing. Material defects can appear in different forms. Example of various defects mentioned below : Non-metallic inclusions bad microstructure surface corrosion mechanical damage surface defect 3.8. Weld Cracks Refers to fracture of weld caused as a result of poor parts fit-up, rapid cooling, and localized stresses exceed the ultimate strength of the metal etc. Examples of weld cracks : Arc Cracks Longitudinal Crack Transverse Crack Crater Crack Throat Crack Toe Crack Root Crack Hot Crack Cold Crack Hook Crack 3.9. Hydrogen Blistering A type of hydrogen-induced failure produced when hydrogen atoms enter low-strength steels that have macroscopic defects, such as laminations 4. Inspection The clamp was removed for further inspection of the weld join. The removal of the clamp was done under supervision by National Energy Regulator of South Africa (NERSA). The pipe surface was required to be cleaned. An acetone solution was used. Liquid Penetrant examination was performed on the weld area of the pipe. Surface discontinuities were visible on the bottom of the pipe. All examinations and analysis was carried out by MA2K Testing Labs. Through inspection it was deduced that a Butt weld was used to join the pipe line and macrostructure images revealed that there were defects on the welded area. Namely weld cracks, improper penetration and incomplete fusion. Cavities were discovered near/adjacent to the welded section of the pipe material. Surface discontinuities were made visible by the Liquid Penetrant examination. These results further justify the suspicion that there was an improper weld process conducted on the joins of the pipeline and thus the cause of the gas leak. Cavities are visible in the pipe walls. This may be caused by vacancies in the material join in the weld. The extracted sample was investigated by method of etching. A Nital solution was used to etch the pipe material. Nital is a solution of alcohol and nitric acid commonly used for routine etching of metals. It is especially suitable for revealing the microstructure of carbon steels. The alcohol can be methanol, ethanol or methylated spirits. By viewing the etched sample under a Scanning Electron Microscope it was revealed that there was an overlap of material and as a result, it was discovered that there is an irregularity or there is a non-uniform overlap or join of material. This could cause a weakness in the join due to variants in material or state of the material. The non-uniform joint of material gives weak point on the structure of the pipeline and thus resulted in a leak. Arrows on figure 5.3 clearly indicate all the weld areas, the heat affected zones and the pipe parent material. 5. Results Before the pipe was sectioned for detailed examination, a radiographic examination was performed on the premises of MA2K Testing Labs. The following image was revealed on the radiographic film. The radiograph picture shows the microstructure of the material and identifies the weld overlap with the parent material. There are clear indications of variant material or states which cause weakness in the join when added stress is applied. There are cut out root cavities visible in the radiograph which could be the cause of leakage in the pipeline. Figure 6.2: Radiograph Of Material In figure 6.3 below: The longitudinal cross section of the pipe showed the weld structure inside the pipeline. This revealed defects in the weld structure and cavities in the wall of the pipeline and a clear indication of the crack and fracture lines that could cause a leak in the pipeline. These defects occurred in the joining of the pipe and together with possible external stresses that act on it due to the environment, no corrosion had occurred and pipe was designed to withstand pressure of the gas within the pipe. Longitudinal samples were taken from the extracted piece. Cuts were made across the weld line, to define the differences in the material used in the weld and the parent material. The two cross sections through the wall thickness of the pipe was polished and etched with Nital. The one macroscopic image (Figure 6.4) revealed a clear leakage path through the wall thickness of the pipe. This shows that there was a weakness in the join between the weld material and the parent material. Further fracture and strain caused the weld to split at the join between the weld material and the parent material. Figure 6.5 shows that there was a lack of side wall fusion in the pipe and that there was another weld bead on the left, this had been made to try to fill the vacancies produced from the lack of fusion. 6. Conclusions After thorough investigation of the defective area of the pipe it was found that the leakage was due to improper weld process and lack of fusion, lack of fusion causes cavities. Cavities form cracks over a period of time. Due to this hook cracks were formed and leakage had occurred. Therefore, the components used contain no post installation defects as there was no internal or external corrosion to the material. The design of the material is suited to the environment as it was able to withstand cyclic loading, fatigue stresses and no signs of hydrogen blistering was present on the material. Mechanical damage may have aided or accelerated the growth of the crack size. The clamp made detecting the source of the leak more difficult and may have helped in the prevention or retarded the rate in which the cracks had grown. The condition of the pipe or clamp base steel compositions or microstructures was as expected for the working life of the system. No softening was found associated with the weld and pipe Heat Affected Zone. 7. Recommendation 7.1. Short Term Solution As a short term solution it is advised to replace the damaged section with a new pipe. It must be correctly welded of the same material and as an added precaution to weld an additional sleeve over the newly joined and welded section. This may suffice for the next 10 years 7.2. Long Term Solution As a long term solution it is advised to replace the entire pipeline with a new combination of materials as per Petroleum Bulk Storage Regulations, the requirement is that all new underground pipelines be as follows: vPipes must be either constructed of a non-corrodible material such as fiberglass reinforced plastic, nylon or engineered thermo-plastic, or metal such as steel with a cathodic protection system designed to protect it for 30 years. vPipes may be in single or double-walled construction vAccess ports must be installed to permit tightness testing; vInstallation must be in accordance with recognized engineering practices vPipes and joints must be tightness tested before being covered and placed in. To reduce downtime and loss of profits, the new pipeline may be installed next to the existing pipeline and until completion will be ineffective. Thereafter the new pipeline will replace the old with minimal downtime. This is another advantage of laying down a new pipeline. 7.3. Prevention of Lack of Fusion vSurface should be machined/ground smooth to avoid minute discontinuities. vEnsure welding current is sufficient. vWeld arcs should not be longer than the pipe diameter vThe â€Å"V† angle should not exceed 7 degrees vThe strip width should be appropriate and consistent for the diameter of the pipe References Alibaba.com, 1999. Sourcing Products And Suppliers (Carbon Steel Piping: ASTM A106 GR.B). (Updated 01 April 2011) Available at: http://www.alibaba.com/product-gs/258930670/ASTM_A106_GR_B.html. [Accessed 24 April 2011] Jernberg, John (1919), Forging, American Technical Society (Updated 29 April 2007) Available at: http://books.google.com/books?id=-ksxAAAAMAAJpg=PA26 [Accessed 24 April 2011] How to cite Pipeline Inspection at Petronet, South Africa, Essay examples

Managing Financial Principles and Techniques Sample Solution

Question: Write an essay on the "Financial Analysis, Budgeting, Decision and Control". Answer: TIRLEA, M.R. 2013, "Financial Analysis, Budgeting, Decision and Control",Annals of Dunrea de Jos University. Financial accounting is the accounting process that keeps records of the accounting entitys financial transactions. It also summarizes the records and exhibits the outcomes of the financial transaction in the form of financial statements, using the specific accounting standards (Barth 2015). Management accounting is used to analyze the financial information through various methods for different financial, as well as, non-financial decision-making processes (Busco et al. 2015). Differences between Financial Accounting Management Accounting:- Financial accounting provides the data, most useful for the investors, shareholders and creditors of the company. The information, generated by the management accounting, is mostly utilized by the owners, managers and employees of the organization. The main objective of the financial accounting is to determine and exhibit the outcomes of the financial transactions for a specific period of an organization. The management accounting use to help the management by providing important information for evaluate and develop the business activity of an organization. Preparation of financial accounting statements is necessary as per the legal and government policies. There are no such obligations for management accounting reports. Financial accounting is maintained as per the general popular accounting standards, such as IFRS, GAAP etc. There is no such standard for management accounting system. Financial accounting reports are prepared in specific formats. Management accounting does not require any specific formats. It is used to be presented as per the conveniences of the users. Financial accounting uses to focus on the historical records and derive the current financial position of the company. Management accounting delivers the forecasts for the future on the basis of the present financial condition of the organization. Pricing is one of the main components of the marketing mix. Every business entity gives great importance on the pricing strategy, as proper pricing helps the business to achieve higher sales and optimum profits. The business entities use to select different pricing strategies according to the nature of its product or service, organizational goal and marketing objectives (Ellickson et al. 2012). Types of Pricing Strategy:- There are several types of pricing strategies, which are discussed below:- Premium Pricing:- Premium pricing strategy uses to set the price higher than the prices of the competitors. The main objective of this strategy is to earn maximum revenues during the initial period of the product life cycle. It can be effective when the product or service has some unique quality or it is introduced as the first of its kind in the market. Penetration Pricing:- Penetration pricing strategy is adopted for introducing the product in a new market. In this policy, the price is kept relatively lower to capture more market share within short period of time. The company may incur loss in the initial stage, but the strategy uses to be very fruitful in the long run and the company can earn higher profits from higher sales volume. Economy Pricing:- Economy pricing is applicable, where the market is very price sensitive. Therefore, as per this pricing strategy, the prices of the product or services are kept low to create more demands in the market. Price Skimming:- The companies, which acquire competitive advantages in a particular market, use to follow price skimming strategy. Similar to premium pricing, this strategy also fix the price at higher rates so that the company can earn maximum revenue before any competitive company enter in the market. Psychological Pricing:- Psychological pricing method is used to create psychological impact on the consumers mind and attract them towards the product. For example, it has been observed that consumers more prefer to buy the product, which costs Rs.99 rather the same type of product, amounted to Rs.100. Though, economically the difference is just Re.1, but psychologically the difference is much higher. Difficulties of Cost Reduction Process:- Various difficulties, which an organization may face during implementation of any cost reduction process are described below:- It reduces the flexibility of the business activity within the organization. The organization may face difficulties in process development due to reduced costs. The scope of any innovation becomes lesser. The organization may suffer from inability of hiring skillful staffs (Li and Liu 2014). Various Cost Reduction Techniques:- Just-in-Time System:- Just-in-time system suggests that the organization should produce the required products at required quantity by maintaining the required quality within the required time (BARRETTO 2013). Target Costing:- Target Costing system highlights on the production process of the product, by which the company can incur lesser cost and earn maximum profit by selling the product at market-driven price. Activity Base Management:- The activity base management uses to reduce the cost by removing the non-value added business activities and expenses. Life Cycle Costing:- Life Cycle Costing helps the business to estimate the costs of a product for its entire life cycle and also the profit, it may generate over the life cycle period. Thus the company become able to identify the areas where it reduce the costs to earn more profits from the product over its full life span. Kaizen Costing:- Kaizen costing methods prefers to reduce the cost by gradual on-going process through smaller activities rather than implementing larger improvements. Business Process Re-Engineering:- Business process re-engineering focuses on re-engineering or improving the business process or organizational structure, instead of changing it totally. Thus it helps the organization to improve the current condition of the company by incurring lesser cost compared to costs, required for total changes (Bragg et al. 2010). It has been often observed that many companies suffers from the conflicts aroused, between the finance department and other non-financial department. The main objective of the finance team is to earn high revenues and maximize the profits, Therefore, they often consider many expenses as non-value added expenditures, such as, advertisements, training development, research expenses etc. It is main source of such conflicts (Coleman et al. 2014). Therefore, the management may follow the solution, mentioned below to end the conflicts:- Marketing Costs as Investment:- The finance personnel may consider the marketing expenses as investment instead of treating it as non-productive expenditures. In that case, the marketing expenses should be included in the investment expenses for determining the Return on Investment (de Gregorio et al. 2012). Focus on Single Goal:- Both the finance and non-finance departments should focus on the single goal and consider its departmental goals as secondary objectives. Then they will work as a composite team. Benchmarking:- There should be a benchmark for all the expenses, incurred by the non-finance teams. If any certain type of expense cross the benchmark, then the respective team will have to provide proper justification, without which the team will be penalized. On the other hand, the teams, who will perform better within the limited expenditures, will be rewarded. Cost as Assets:- There are some costs, which are incurred for the internal development of the company, such as training development, research expenses etc. It may not provide results within a certain accounting period, but proves to be very effective over several periods. Therefore, the finance department should treat those costs as assets, which are incurred for future economic growth (Speakman and Rysova 2015). Reference List:- Li, Q. Liu, Z. 2014, "An investigation on research and development cost reduction and channel strategies in competing supply chains",International Journal of Industrial Engineering Computations,vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 387-394. Maricica, M. Georgeta, V. 2012, "Business Failure Risk Analysis using Financial Ratios",Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences,vol. 62, pp. 728-732. MONEA, M. 2013, "INFORMATION SYSTEM OF THE FINANCIAL ANALYSIS",Annals of the University of Petrosani : Economics,, no. 2, pp. 149-156 Nawaz, M. 2013, "An Insight Into the Two Costing Technique: Absorption Costing and Marginal Costing",BRAND : Broad Research in Accounting,vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 48-61 Omar, N., Sanusi, Z.M., Zulaikha, Johari, A. Mohamed, I.S. 2014, "Predicting financial stress and earning management using ratio analysis",Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences,vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 183. Shim, J.K., Siegel, J.G. Shim, A.I. 2011;2012;,Budgeting Basics and Beyond,4. Aufl.;4th;4; edn, Wiley, US Speakman, J. Rysova, A. 2015,Small Entrepreneur in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situations,World Bank Publications.